Norovirus: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology (2024)

  1. Tian P, Mandrell R. Detection of norovirus capsid proteins in faecal and food samples by a real time immuno-PCR method. J Appl Microbiol. 2006 Mar. 100(3):564-74. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  2. Brinker JP, Blacklow NR, Jiang X, Estes MK, Moe CL, Herrmann JE. Immunoglobulin M antibody test to detect genogroup II Norwalk-like virus infection. J Clin Microbiol. 1999 Sep. 37(9):2983-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

  3. Lowes R. New Norovirus Strain Hits US. Medscape Medical News. Jan 24 2013. [Full Text].

  4. CDC. Notes from the Field: Emergence of New Norovirus Strain GII.4 Sydney—United States, 2012. MMWR. Jan 25 2013. 62(3):55. [Full Text].

  5. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/00.012.0.03.htm. 2002;

  6. Shoemaker GK, van Duijn E, Crawford SE, Uetrecht C, Baclayon M, Roos WH, et al. Norwalk virus assembly and stability monitored by mass spectrometry. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2010 Aug. 9(8):1742-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

  7. Jiang X, Wang M, Wang K, Estes MK. Sequence and genomic organization of Norwalk virus. Virology. 1993 Jul. 195(1):51-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  8. Ando T, Noel JS, Fankhauser RL. Genetic classification of "Norwalk-like viruses. J Infect Dis. 2000 May. 181 Suppl 2:S336-48. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  9. Zheng DP, Ando T, Fankhauser RL, Beard RS, Glass RI, Monroe SS. Norovirus classification and proposed strain nomenclature. Virology. 2006 Mar 15. 346(2):312-23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  10. Donaldson EF, Lindesmith LC, Lobue AD, Baric RS. Norovirus pathogenesis: mechanisms of persistence and immune evasion in human populations. Immunol Rev. 2008 Oct. 225:190-211. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  11. Huang P, Farkas T, Marionneau S, Zhong W, Ruvoën-Clouet N, Morrow AL, et al. Noroviruses bind to human ABO, Lewis, and secretor histo-blood group antigens: identification of 4 distinct strain-specific patterns. J Infect Dis. 2003 Jul 1. 188(1):19-31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  12. Schreiber DS, Blacklow NR, Trier JS. The mucosal lesion of the proximal small intestine in acute infectious nonbacterial gastroenteritis. N Engl J Med. 1973 Jun 21. 288(25):1318-23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  13. Troeger H, Loddenkemper C, Schneider T, Schreier E, Epple HJ, Zeitz M, et al. Structural and functional changes of the duodenum in human norovirus infection. Gut. 2009 Aug. 58(8):1070-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  14. Acute infectious nonbacterial gastroenteritis: etiology and pathogenesis. Ann Intern Med. 1972 Jun. 76(6):993-1008. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  15. Widerlite L, Trier JS, Blacklow NR, Schreiber DS. Structure of the gastric mucosa in acute infectious bacterial gastroenteritis. Gastroenterology. 1975 Mar. 68(3):425-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  16. Mounts AW, Ando T, Koopmans M, Bresee JS, Noel J, Glass RI. Cold weather seasonality of gastroenteritis associated with Norwalk-like viruses. J Infect Dis. 2000 May. 181 Suppl 2:S284-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  17. Parker SP, Cubitt WD, Jiang XJ, Estes MK. Seroprevalence studies using a recombinant Norwalk virus protein enzyme immunoassay. J Med Virol. 1994 Feb. 42(2):146-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  18. Rockx B, De Wit M, Vennema H, Vinjé J, De Bruin E, Van Duynhoven Y, et al. Natural history of human calicivirus infection: a prospective cohort study. Clin Infect Dis. 2002 Aug 1. 35(3):246-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  19. Mattner F, Sohr D, Heim A, Gastmeier P, Vennema H, Koopmans M. Risk groups for clinical complications of norovirus infections: an outbreak investigation. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2006 Jan. 12(1):69-74. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  20. Ito S, Takesh*ta S, Nezu A, Aihara Y, Usuku S, Noguchi Y, et al. Norovirus-associated encephalopathy. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2006 Jul. 25(7):651-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  21. Sugimoto T, Ogawa N, Aoyama M, Sakaguchi M, Isshiki K, Kanasaki M, et al. Haemolytic uraemic syndrome complicated with norovirus-associated gastroenteritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007 Jul. 22(7):2098-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  22. Guerrant RL, Shields DS, Thorson SM. Evaluation and diagnosis of acute infectious diarrhea. Am J Med. 1985 Jun 28. 78(6B):91-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  23. Boxman I, Dijkman R, Verhoef L, Maat A, van Dijk G, Vennema H, et al. Norovirus on swabs taken from hands illustrate route of transmission: a case study. J Food Prot. 2009 Aug. 72(8):1753-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  24. Cheng VC, Tai JW, Ho YY, Chan JF. Successful control of norovirus outbreak in an infirmary with the use of alcohol-based hand rub. J Hosp Infect. 2009 Aug. 72(4):370-1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  25. Liu P, Yuen Y, Hsiao HM, Jaykus LA, Moe C. Effectiveness of liquid soap and hand sanitizer against Norwalk virus on contaminated hands. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2010 Jan. 76(2):394-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

  26. Atmar RL, Estes MK. The epidemiologic and clinical importance of norovirus infection. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2006 Jun. 35(2):275-90, viii. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  27. Blacklow NR, Greenberg HB. Viral gastroenteritis. N Engl J Med. 1991 Jul 25. 325(4):252-64. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  28. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Multisite outbreak of norovirus associated with a franchise restaurant--Kent County, Michigan, May 2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2006 Apr 14. 55(14):395-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  29. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Norovirus outbreak among evacuees from hurricane Katrina--Houston, Texas, September 2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2005 Oct 14. 54(40):1016-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  30. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Outbreaks of gastroenteritis associated with noroviruses on cruise ships--United States, 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2002 Dec 13. 51(49):1112-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  31. [Guideline] DuPont HL. Guidelines on acute infectious diarrhea in adults. The Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology. Am J Gastroenterol. 1997 Nov. 92(11):1962-75. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  32. Graham DY, Jiang X, Tanaka T. Norwalk virus infection of volunteers: new insights based on improved assays. J Infect Dis. 1994 Jul. 170(1):34-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  33. Greenberg HB, Valdesuso J, Yolken RH. Role of Norwalk virus in outbreaks of nonbacterial gastroenteritis. J Infect Dis. 1979 May. 139(5):564-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  34. Jiang X, Wang M, Graham DY. Expression, self-assembly, and antigenicity of the Norwalk virus capsid protein. J Virol. 1992 Nov. 66(11):6527-32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  35. Jääskeläinen AJ, Maunula L. Applicability of microarray technique for the detection of noro- and astroviruses. J Virol Methods. 2006 Sep. 136(1-2):210-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  36. Kaplan JE, Gary GW, Baron RC. Epidemiology of Norwalk gastroenteritis and the role of Norwalk virus in outbreaks of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis. Ann Intern Med. 1982 Jun. 96(6 Pt 1):756-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  37. Moe CL, Gentsch J, Ando T. Application of PCR to detect Norwalk virus in fecal specimens from outbreaks of gastroenteritis. J Clin Microbiol. 1994 Mar. 32(3):642-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  38. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/norovirus/outbreaks/index.html.

  39. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/norovirus/trends-outbreaks/burden-US.html.

Norovirus: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology (2024)
Top Articles
Latest Posts
Article information

Author: Greg O'Connell

Last Updated:

Views: 6754

Rating: 4.1 / 5 (42 voted)

Reviews: 81% of readers found this page helpful

Author information

Name: Greg O'Connell

Birthday: 1992-01-10

Address: Suite 517 2436 Jefferey Pass, Shanitaside, UT 27519

Phone: +2614651609714

Job: Education Developer

Hobby: Cooking, Gambling, Pottery, Shooting, Baseball, Singing, Snowboarding

Introduction: My name is Greg O'Connell, I am a delightful, colorful, talented, kind, lively, modern, tender person who loves writing and wants to share my knowledge and understanding with you.